THE EUPYRENE-APYRENE DICHOTOMOUS SPERMATOGENESIS OF LEPIDOPTERA. ORGAN CULTURE STUDY ON THE TIMING OF APYRENE COMMITMENT IN THE CODLING MOTH

Lepidopteran spermatogenesis is dichotomous, producing eupyrene (nucleated) and apyrene (anucleated) spermatozoa. The eupyrene precedes the apyrene spermatogenesis. The timing of the switchover from eupyrene to apyrene spermatogenesis was determined by cultivating testes of accurately aged codling moth larvae in a medium containing mammalian serum but neither hemolymph nor insect hormones. In cultures, eupyrene spermatogenesis occurred in testes dissected from either 4th or 5th instar larvae, probably due to macromolecular factor-like activity of the serum of the medium. But apyrene spermatogenesis occurred only in testes explanted during or after the fourth day of the 5th instar larva. It is concluded that: (1) An apyrene spermatogenesis inducing factor (ASIF) becomes active on the fourth day of the 5th instar larva in addition to the already existing macromolecular factor. (2) Primary spermatocytes can develop into either eupyrene or apyrene spermatozoa. (3) The apyrene spermatogenesis commitment and pupal commitment of other tissues coincide about the fourth day of the 5th instar larva.     

Ultrastructural observations on spermiogenesis in the peanut worm,Themiste pyroides (Chamberlin, 1920) (Sipuncula; Sipunculidea)

Summary

The process of spermiogenesis and the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa in the peanut worm, Themiste pyroides, from the Sea of Japan were observed with electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The testes are composed of groups of spermatogonia and are covered by peritoneal cells. Clusters of spermatocytes are released from the testes into the coelomic fluid. Connected by intercellular bridges, the spermatocytes within a given cluster develop asynchronously. Proacrosomal vesicles and a flagellum appear in spermatocytes. Spermatids in the clusters retain the intercellular connections. During spermiogenesis, the acrosomal vesicle, formed by coalescence of small proacrosomal vesicles in the basal part of the spermatid, migrates to the apical part of the cell to form a conical-shaped acrosome. The basal concavity lying above the nucleus is filled with subacrosomal substance. The midpiece contains four mitochondria, two centrioles, and some residual cytoplasm with dark glycogen-like granules. A peculiar annulus structure develops around the base of the flagellum. The distal centriole has a pericentriolar complex consisting of radially oriented elements. Before the spawning process, the spermatozoa are filtered throughout the ciliary nephrostomal funnel into the excretory sac of paired nephridia where they are stored for a short time. The sperm are released into the sea water via nephridiopores. Spermatozoa remaining in the coelomic fluid after spawning are resorbed by amoebocytes. This species from Vostok Bay is characterized by a prolonged spawning period from June to early October. The reproductive strategy of T. pyroides is discussed in comparison with that of Thysanocardia nigra, the latter having a unique pattern of packaging of the spermatozoa, resulting in the formation of spermatozeugmata, as a reproductive adaptation to the very short spawning period.     

The acrosome in ascidians. I. Pleurogona

Summary

A vesicle which contains moderately electron-dense material has been found at the apex of mature spermatozoa in all representatives of three pleurogonan families: in Styela clava, Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis and Botryllus schlosseri (family Styelidae), in Boltenia villosa and Herdmania momus (family Pyuridae), and in Molgula manhattensis (family Molgulidae). The vesicle described here resembles the acrosome of Ciona intestinalis spermatozoa. The Ciona acrosome shows structural changes at fertilization (Fukumoto, M., J. Ultrastruct. Res., 87 (1984) 252–262). This suggests that pleurogonan spermatozoa also have an acrosome. Some speculations are presented on ascidian fertilization.     

The fine structure of the sperm bundles of the coccid,Aspidiotus perniciosus Cumst., and sperm movement

The mature sperm of A. perniciosus are organized into bundles, about 350 μm long by 9–10 μm wide. Each bundle contains 32 sperm enclosed by a common sheath. The sperm contains an elongated ‘central core’, representing nuclear material, surrounded by a spiral microtubular sheath and cytoplasm. The electron-dense nuclear material is localized in the more pointed half of the sperm. The spiral microtubular sheath is composed of 30— 100 microtubules (depending on the cross-sectional level), situated parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sperm. On the basis of this ultrastructural organization, the motility of the sperm and sperm bundle as a whole is discussed. The sperm of A. perniciosus provide strong evidence that the microtubules arranged asymmetrically represent the elements directly involved in sperm motility.     

Effect of osmolarity and viscosity on the motility of pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira

The motility of bacteria is an important factor in their infectivity. In this study, the motility of Leptospira, a member of the spirochete family that causes a zoonotic disease known as leptospirosis, was analyzed in different viscous or osmotic conditions. Motility assays revealed that both pathogenic and saprophytic strains increase their swimming speeds with increasing viscosity. However, only pathogenic Leptospira interrogans maintained vigorous motility near physiological osmotic conditions. This suggests that active motility in physiological conditions is advantageous when Leptospira enters hosts and when it migrates toward target tissues.     

Unique features of the motility and structures in the flagellate polar region of Campylobacter jejuni and other species: an electron microscopic study

Similarly to Helicobacter pylori but unlike Vibrio cholerae O1/O139, Campylobacter jejuni is non‐motile at 20°C but highly motile at ≥37°C. The bacterium C. jejuni has one of the highest swimming speeds reported (>100 μm/s), especially at 42°C. Straight and spiral bacterial shapes share the same motility. C. jejuni has a unique structure in the flagellate polar region, which is characterized by a cup‐like structure (beneath the inner membrane), a funnel shape (opening onto the polar surface) and less dense space (cytoplasm). Other Campylobacter species (coli, fetus, and lari) have similar motility and flagellate polar structures, albeit with slight differences. This is especially true for Campylobacter fetus, which has a flagellum only at one pole and a cup‐like structure composed of two membranes.     

植物性发酵乳杆菌对免疫系统的生理活性、抗高血糖和促进肠蠕动的影响

研究植物源性发酵乳杆菌对免疫系统生理活性、抗高血糖和促进肠蠕动的影响.β-内啡肽对免疫系统有重要作用,阿片-促黑素细胞皮质素原(POMC)是β-内啡肽的前体物质,为了探讨发酵乳杆菌对免疫功能的影响,检测小鼠下丘脑和脑垂体中POMC的基因表达水平.通过喂食发酵乳杆菌时间和浓度的不同及测量β一内啡肽表达水平的方式,来分析血液中B-内啡肽的变化情况.此外,测定了三种小鼠模型的血糖变化,即常规的WT小鼠模型、D-葡萄糖诱导的急性高血糖模型和链唑霉素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病模型,以证实发酵乳杆菌的降血糖效果,并对降血糖效果进行了验证.通过检测血糖随喂食发酵乳杆菌浓度和时间而变化的情况,已证实给药浓度和时间对血糖浓度有很好的影响.另外,为证实发酵乳杆菌对肠蠕动的影响测定了胃肠通过时间,证明发酵乳杆菌对肠蠕动有极好的促进作用.通过此项研究,证实发酵乳杆菌对提高人体免疫系统的生理活性、抗高血糖和促进小肠蠕动有极佳的效果.     

The Drosophila DOCK family protein sponge is involved in differentiation of R7 photoreceptor cells

The Drosophila sponge (spg)/CG31048 gene belongs to the dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) family genes that are conserved in a wide variety of species. DOCK family members are known as DOCK1–DOCK11 in mammals. Although DOCK1 and DOCK2 involve neurite elongation and immunocyte differentiation, respectively, the functions of other DOCK family members are not fully understood. Spg is a Drosophila homolog of mammalian DOCK3 and DOCK4. Specific knockdown of spg by the GMR-GAL4 driver in eye imaginal discs induced abnormal eye morphology in adults. To mark the photoreceptor cells in eye imaginal discs, we used a set of enhancer trap strains that express lacZ in various sets of photoreceptor cells. Immunostaining with anti-Spg antibodies and anti-lacZ antibodies revealed that Spg is localized mainly in R7 photoreceptor cells. Knockdown of spg by the GMR-GAL4 driver reduced signals of R7 photoreceptor cells, suggesting involvement of Spg in R7 cell differentiation. Furthermore, immunostaining with anti-dpERK antibodies showed the level of activated ERK signal was reduced extensively by knockdown of spg in eye discs, and both the defects in eye morphology and dpERK signals were rescued by over-expression of the Drosophila raf gene, a component of the ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, the Duolink in situ Proximity Ligation Assay method detected interaction signals between Spg and Rap1 in and around the plasma membrane of the eye disc cells. Together, these results indicate Spg positively regulates the ERK pathway that is required for R7 photoreceptor cell differentiation and the regulation is mediated by interaction with Rap1 during development of the compound eye.     

Magnolol inhibits colonic motility through down-regulation of voltage-sensitive L-type Ca2+ channels of colonic smooth muscle cells in rats

This study aimed to investigate the effect of magnolol (5,5′-diallyl-2,2′-biphenyldiol) on contraction in distal colonic segments of rats and the underlying mechanisms. Colonic segments were mounted in organ baths for isometric force measurement. Whole-cell voltage-sensitive L-type Ca²⁺ currents were recorded on isolated single colonic smooth muscle cells using patch-clamp technique. The spontaneous contractions and acetylcholine (ACh)- and Bay K 8644-induced contractions were inhibited by magnolol (3–100 μM). In the presence of Bay K8644 (100 nM), magnolol (10–100 μM) inhibited the contraction induced by 10 μM ACh. By contrast, tetrodotoxin (100 nM) and N_ώ-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME 100 μM) did not change the inhibitory effect of magnolol (10 μM). In addition, magnolol (3–100 μM) inhibited the L-type Ca²⁺ currents. The present results suggest that magnolol inhibits colonic smooth muscle contraction through downregulating L-type Ca²⁺ channel activity.